7 Most Venomous Spiders In Nigeria: A List Of The Deadliest Species In The Country

Nigeria, located in West Africa, is known for its rich biodiversity and a wide array of wildlife. Among the numerous species inhabiting this region, spiders play a significant role in maintaining ecological balance by controlling insect populations. While most spiders are harmless to humans, some possess venom that can cause serious health issues. This article explores the seven most venomous spiders found in Nigeria, shedding light on their characteristics, habitats, and potential risks to humans.

 

1. Brown Recluse Spider (Loxosceles reclusa)

Description:

The Brown Recluse Spider, also known as the violin spider due to the violin-shaped marking on its back, is one of the most dangerous spiders found in Nigeria. They are typically light to dark brown and measure about 6 to 20 millimeters in length.

 

Habitat:

These spiders prefer dark, secluded areas such as woodpiles, closets, and under furniture. They are nocturnal hunters and are more active during the night.

 

Venom and Symptoms:

The venom of the Brown Recluse is necrotic, meaning it destroys tissue at the site of the bite. Symptoms can range from mild irritation to severe skin necrosis, leading to large, slow-healing wounds. In rare cases, systemic symptoms like fever, chills, and nausea may occur. Prompt medical attention is crucial to prevent severe complications.

 

2. African Tarantula (Hysterocrates spp.)

Description:

African Tarantulas are large, hairy spiders that can reach up to 15 centimeters in leg span. They are usually brown or black and have a robust body structure.

 

Habitat:

These tarantulas are burrowers and are commonly found in forests and grasslands across Nigeria. They create deep burrows to escape the heat and to ambush prey.

 

Venom and Symptoms:

While not deadly to humans, their venom can cause significant pain, swelling, and discomfort. Some individuals may experience allergic reactions, leading to more severe symptoms. Their large fangs can also cause deep puncture wounds, increasing the risk of secondary infections.

 

3. African Button Spider (Latrodectus indistinctus)

Description:

The African Button Spider is closely related to the infamous Black Widow. They are small, with females measuring about 10 to 15 millimeters. They have a shiny black body with a distinctive red or orange hourglass marking on the abdomen.

 

Habitat:

These spiders prefer warm, sheltered environments such as under rocks, logs, and in human dwellings like garages and sheds.

 

Venom and Symptoms:

Their venom is neurotoxic and can cause severe pain, muscle cramps, nausea, and in rare cases, respiratory difficulties. Children, the elderly, and individuals with compromised immune systems are at higher risk of severe reactions. Immediate medical treatment with antivenom is essential in serious cases.

 

4. Huntsman Spider (Heteropoda venatoria)

Description:

Huntsman Spiders are large and fast-moving, with a leg span reaching up to 15 centimeters. They are typically brown or grey with banded legs.

 

Habitat:

They are commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions of Nigeria, residing under loose bark, rocks, and within human homes.

 

Venom and Symptoms:

While not considered highly venomous, their bite can cause moderate pain, swelling, and redness. Some individuals may experience headaches, nausea, and irregular pulse rates. Their intimidating size and speed often cause alarm, but they are generally not aggressive towards humans.

 

5. Sack Spider (Cheiracanthium spp.)

Description:

Sack Spiders are small to medium-sized, usually pale yellow or greenish in color. They have a somewhat elongated body and long legs.

 

Habitat:

These spiders build silken sacs in foliage, under stones, and within homes, especially in ceilings and corners.

 

Venom and Symptoms:

Their venom can cause painful bites leading to redness, swelling, and in some cases, necrotic lesions. Symptoms are typically localized, but secondary infections can occur if not properly treated. It's advisable to seek medical attention if bitten.

 

6. Orb-Weaver Spider (Nephila spp.)

Description:

Orb-Weaver Spiders are known for their impressive webs and vibrant colors. Females can be quite large, reaching up to 5 centimeters in body length, while males are significantly smaller.

 

Habitat:

They are widespread across Nigeria, commonly found in forests and gardens where they spin large, intricate webs to catch prey.

 

Venom and Symptoms:

Their venom is mild and poses little threat to humans. Bites can cause minor pain and swelling but are generally harmless. Despite their size and fearsome appearance, they are not aggressive and play a crucial role in controlling insect populations.

 

7. Wolf Spider (Lycosidae family)

Description:

Wolf Spiders are medium to large-sized, hairy spiders with excellent eyesight. They are usually brown or grey with distinct markings or lines on their bodies.

 

Habitat:

They inhabit a variety of environments including grasslands, forests, and human dwellings. Unlike other spiders, they do not spin webs but actively hunt their prey.

 

Venom and Symptoms:

Their venom is not highly toxic to humans but can cause moderate pain, swelling, and itching. Allergic reactions are rare but possible. Cleaning the bite area and monitoring for adverse reactions is recommended.

 

Conclusion

While Nigeria is home to several venomous spider species, serious incidents involving spider bites are relatively uncommon. Most spiders prefer to avoid human contact and will only bite when threatened or provoked. It is essential to exercise caution when in areas where these spiders may reside, such as dark, secluded places or outdoor environments. In case of a suspected spider bite, it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention to manage symptoms effectively and prevent complications. Understanding these spiders' behaviors and habitats can help reduce the risk of unwanted encounters and promote coexistence with these vital components of Nigeria's ecosystem.